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speaking French
Sanamadougou and Sahou are two of the
villages whom have been experiencing the
difficulties that come from having their lands seized.
In 2009, Modibo Keiïta, a Malian tycoon, began expanding his
agribusiness into the region.
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child crying
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While dozens of international corporations are establishing
a foothold in the region, powerful figures from within the
country run agribusiness projects heavily financed
from abroad.
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Foreign investors can avoid
public scrutiny by operating behind the scenes of a local
entrepreneur like Modibo Keiïta, owner of Moulin Moderne de Mali
and its subsidiary, Grand Distributeur Céréalier du Mali.
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hubbub
protest in foreign language
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Mali has been hit by droughts and food
shortages numerous times over the last decade.
The villages of Sanamadougou and Sahou, given their location in
the most fertile region of Mali, once produced enough food that
they were regularly donating their surplus to famine relief.
But, after the seizure of their farmland, they no longer produce
even enough food for themselves.
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In the face of aggressive land grabs, in 2011,
the National Coordination of the
Peasants' Organizations of Mali
and Via Campesina, the global farmers
coalition, held a conference to develop
strategies for smallholder farmers to keep and regain their
land. Those gathered made a firm commitment to organize together,
by forming cooperatives to acquire land for their members,
developing tools and resources for them to have access to
similar contracts that are being
granted to the large investors,
as well as providing legal support to
those members whose land rights are
being threatened.
hubbub
In March 2012, the government set up a commission in response
to the farmers' movement.
However, with the coups d'état later that year, the commission
dissolved. Ironically, the coup d'état has scared away many of
the investors, massively slowing down the
land grabs in the Office du Niger region.
Even so, given the access to fresh water and irrigation
system, Mali remains one of the primary
destinations for land grabbing worldwide.
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Subsistence farming has fed
the world for millennia.
Down through the ages, growers have
transferred their seeds and their knowledge.
But in one short century, agriculture has
gone from a way of life for millions of
small-scale farmers to a global industry
dominated by a dozen agribusiness giants.
Today, governments and corporations buy
up farmland at home and abroad for food
production or for profit, leaving
farmers without land or livelihood.
Advocates claim that industrial
farming will solve the food
crisis. Yet it is creating new problems for us all.
While 70% of all land grabs today occur in
sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin
America, and Central and East Asia are
quickly becoming hot spots for agricultural
land acquisitions.
A key factor in massive land grabs is the
multitude of bilateral and regional trade
agreements, often overseen by international
bodies like the World Trade Organization.
The potential profits drive corporations, both foreign and
national, to acquire as much land as possible to benefit from
these duty and quota-free export agreements.
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Foreign companies are subject to land quotas, but teaming up with
powerful local figures gives them access to much larger
tracts of land.
The Mitr Pohl Group from Thailand owns
70% of the Koh Kong Plantation Company.
The other 30% is held by Taiwanese firm We Wong Corp.
Powerful Cambodian businessman and ruling party senator,
Ly Young Phat, is the director of the Koh Kong Plantation
Company. Locals refer to the company by the senator's name:
Ly Young Phat.
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Before The Khmer Rouge came to power in 1975, people owned
their own land. The Khmer Rouge destroyed
all paperwork, including land titles.
In 2001, a new land law allowed people to register land they had
been living on for more than 5 years. But most farmers--
being uninformed, illiterate, and poor--did not register,
so on paper their land belongs to the state.
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Resistance to land grabs and trade agreements continues to
grow throughout the country.
The people on the ground are backed by the
Clean Sugar campaign, an international
boycott pressuring the companies to provide
restitution to displaced land owners.
The surge in land grabs in recent years can be traced to
speculation in food markets, as well as droughts and floods
around the world.
In 2008 with the global economic crisis, food prices skyrocketed.
250 million more people were pushed over the brink, swelling
the total of hungry people to over one
billion. A global food crisis was declared.
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At the same time, banks and other
investors were in trouble.
Seeking more stable investments, they began to take control of
the entire supply chain, from the land where food is grown,
to its production and sale.
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And, to ensure their own food
security, wealthy nations
acquired large tracts of land throughout the global South.
This drove up the value of farmland.
Far from the fields, food commodity prices are set
in financial centres at agricultural
commodity market exchanges, such as the
one in Chicago, the largest in North America.
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siren
hubbub
- There already is quite a bit of speculation
in place for the agriculture markets,
but what we want is for the, you know...
If supply is short and prices are
high, we want that signal to
go to investment, to increase investment
around the world, so that we can increase
production in developing countries.
Certainly, if you see the price of raw agriculture commodities
go up, the value of the land that those commodities are grown
on are going to increase as well. And I think that's what
we've seen over the last 5 years or so. Just the value of the
production has increased, so the value of that farm ground has
increased to represent that greater
value of what's being produced.
We see great opportunity in Africa. There's a lot of good
farm ground in Africa that could be more efficiently produced.
hubbub
- Under pressure from the World Bank and the
International Fund for Agricultural
Development, the Uganda government looked for
projects that would help it
qualify for loans.
One such project is a partnership with
Kenya's BIDCO, the largest private seed
company in Africa. The aim is to increase production of vegetable
oil, through the use of palm oil for domestic use and export.
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hubbub
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While the majority of farmers are customary land owners,
a minority do hold land titles, most of whom accepted BIDCO's
offer of partnership and became oil palm "outgrowers."
However, "outgrowers" must cover the cost of seeds, fertilizer
and labour. To assist them, the government
obtained loans from the United Nations
International Fund for Agricultural Development.
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One of the partners on the project is
Singaporean company WILMAR, the world's largest
producer of biodiesel. In 2012, Newsweek magazine ranked WILMAR
as the least green company in the world, coming in at the 500
slot largely due to the massive amount of deforestation the
company partakes in for the planting of palm oil.
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Large quantities of fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and
fertilizers are applied during the process of planting oil
palm. These agrochemicals are produced and
sold by agricultural GMO giant Monsanto.
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Fish has always been the primary source of
protein for the residents of Kalangala.
Three years ago the price of a Tilapia fish on the island was
35 cents US. Today the same fish costs
a $1.50 US, more than 4 times higher.
The reason for this dramatic increase is twofold.
With reduced access to the land, many former farmers have become
fishermen, leading to overexploitation
of fish for local and global markets
resulting in diminished quantities. Then
there is the water pollution that is
suspected to come from the thousands of
tonnes of chemicals used in planting of the
oil palm.
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hubbub
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Food Sovereignty is people having the right to define their
own food systems. It puts those who produce, distribute and
consume food at the centre of decision making, not the market
forces that dominate the global food system.
But governments and investors don't bear
all the responsibility. Everyone in the
global North is unwittingly involved. Pension funds and
development institutions channel massive
amounts of money into land acquisitions.
Today's industrial food system has not only
created a global food crisis, it is also
a leading cause of the climate crisis.
Agrifood production pumps out nearly half the world's human-
made greenhouse gas emissions, which gives
us all even more reason to maintain an
agriculture system that feeds the planet, not simply the
speculative profits of a few.
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